短文改錯口訣:
動詞形,名詞數;
注意形和副;
非謂動詞細辨別;
習慣用法要記。
句子成分多分析;
邏輯錯誤須關注。
一. 動詞形
主要包括兩類錯誤:動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)錯誤,以及主、謂不一致的錯誤。例如:
My favourite sport is football. I was member of our school football team. (is)
Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. (are)
上述兩例分別屬于時態(tài)錯誤和主、謂不一致錯誤。找出此類錯誤的關鍵是樹立牢固的時態(tài)概念,注意短文內容發(fā)生或存在的時間,保持時間概念的一致性。
二. 名詞數
指名詞單、復數形式的用法錯誤。常表現為將名詞復數寫成單數。例如:
…so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. (subjects)
三. 區(qū)分形和副
及區(qū)分形容詞和副詞在句子中的作用和具體用法。這也是高考短文改錯的?键c。例如:
I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderful)
Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family. (Unfortunately)
需要注意的是,形容詞多用來做定、表、補語等,而副詞只能在句子中作狀語,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。第一例中的wonderful作定語修飾time,第二句的Unfortunately作狀語修飾整個句子。
四. 非謂動詞細辨別
這是考查最多的錯誤形式之一。主要有分詞和動名詞類錯誤,也包括不定式類錯誤。例如:
…in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football. (interested)
Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also … (playing)
My parents love me… and will do all they can ∧ make sure… (to)
上述二、三例分別是動名詞作主語,和不定式作目的狀語。一般的,現在分詞有主動態(tài)和進行時的含義,而過去分詞具有被動態(tài)和完成時的含義,不定式有將來時態(tài)的含義。
五. 習慣用法要記住
主要考查習慣搭配方面的基礎知識。這也是歷年高考的常考點,其錯誤表現形式主要有三種:多詞、少詞和搭配錯誤。 例如:
It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and… (of)
We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ∧ ourselves. (of)
六. 句子成分多分析
不同的句子成分要用不同的詞類;不同的語景要選擇不同的詞語。這些都有待我們對句子結構和句子成分作細致的分析,才能找出用詞不當的錯誤。例如:
They ∧eager to know everything about China and… (were)
I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (which)
第一例漏掉了謂語動詞were,這是受寒于習慣的影響而導致的錯誤;第二例則是詞類與它在句子中的成分不相符,where是副詞,不能作主語。
七. 邏輯錯誤須關注
與句子的上、下文不一致,甚至相矛盾,屬于邏輯性錯誤。如稱謂上的張冠李戴,人名、地名、時間、方位等方面的錯誤,常是這類錯誤的考查對象。例如:
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (their)
First, let me tell you something more about myself. (去掉more)
… no way of setting the matter except by selling the set.Now someone at home reads instead. (everyone)
上述第一例中的主語是Smiths(史密斯夫婦倆),因此后面的his不合邏輯。第二例中的more在這兒表“再”的意思,才開始告訴別人,怎么能說“再告訴你一些事”?第三例講的是為了解決看電視時的爭端,“我們”把電視機賣了;晚上沒電視看了,所以與從前一樣,大家又都讀書了,所以該用everyone。
除了上述錯誤類型外,?嫉腻e誤形式還有:連詞but, and, or和so的用法錯誤(可以歸類為邏輯錯誤),以及冠詞的用法錯誤等。例如:
She was smiling but nodding at me. (and)
It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. (or)
We may be one family and live under a same roof. (the)
下面是2002年全國高考試題中的短文改錯題。這道題較全面地反映了本文的口訣,F在請你試著做一做,然后參閱題后的答案與簡析。
Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei
Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows,it’s famous 76. _____
Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77. _____
Was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 78. _____
the mountain,the three of them were very excited. As we 79. _____
climbed the mountain,we ed monkeys,visiting temples 80. _____
and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 81._____
since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82. _____
Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83. _____
of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84. _____
good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 85. _____
head touched the pillow.
答案與簡析:
76. famous前加上a.(名詞數)
77. 正確
78. we前面加when,引導一個時間狀語從句。(句子成分多分析)
79. them→us (邏輯錯誤須關注)
80. visiting→visited(非謂動詞細辨別)
81. picture→pictures(名詞數)
82. passes→passed(動詞形)
83. 去掉down(習慣用法要記。
84. and→but(but,and,or和so)
85. 去掉at(句子成分多分析 / 習慣用法要記。
改錯要想拿高分
語法口訣要記牢
(一) 見到謂語找主語,主謂一致找狀語
見到名詞想多數,可不可數要記牢
見到平行看結構,形式功能要對稱
見到代詞找指代,指代通常不合理
帶賓語必帶to,不帶賓語不帶 to
小小of常抓的點,of前名詞adj最高級
比較級不修飾比較級,最高級不修飾最高級
(二)謂與非謂經常混
謂語句中就一個
其余動詞非謂語
常見形式有三種
v-ing ,v-ed和to do
主謂通常v-ing
動賓通常v-ed
現在分詞表主動
過去分詞表被動
目的要用不定式
by前有過去分詞相擁
by后有動名詞后抱
介詞后跟動名詞
時態(tài)基點要搞清
現在還是過去時
(三)規(guī)則是說謊 lie lied lied
不規(guī)則是躺 lie lay lain
躺過就下蛋 lay laid laid
下蛋不規(guī)則